January
01 – In Britain, the first edition of Top of the Pops screens on the BBC. Host Jimmy Savile introduces The Rolling Stones, Dusty Springfield, The Hollies, The Swinging Blue Jeans and The Dave Clark Five.
03 – Barry Goldwater announces his candidacy for the US Presidency.
05 – The first ticket collecting machine is installed on the London Underground.
07 – US Actor Nicolas Cage is born Nicolas Coppola in California
11 – A report by the US Surgeon General concludes that cigarette smoking is the principal cause of lung cancer.
13 – 200 die in Hindu-Muslim rioting in the Indian city of Calcutta. Over 7,000 people are arrested and 438 injured.
14 – Jacqueline Kennedy appears on American television to thank the nation for its sympathy.
14 – Arab League countries decide to set up a unified military command.
15 – The Beatles‘ I Want To Hold Your Hand reaches the #1 spot in the US and becomes the year’s most successful chart record.
16 – The Whiskey A Go Go nightclub (the first real American discotheque) opens on Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood, Los Angeles – famously featuring go-go dancers in cages.
18 – Plans are unveiled to build the enormous World Trade Center in New York.
27 – Actress Bridget Fonda is born.
20 – The trial of the Great Train Robbers begins in the UK.
27 – Actress Bridget Fonda is born.
28 – Families living in the Springtown Camp in Derry, Northern Ireland, march through town to demand rehousing. Around 400 families have lived in the camp in buildings made largely of corrugated iron since the 1940s. The failure of the Protestant local authority to rehouse the predominantly Catholic families in proper houses gives rise to several civil rights protests in Northern Ireland.
29 – Roddy Frame of Aztec Camera is born.
29 – Actor Alan Ladd commits suicide in California.
February
03 – Double-decker railway carriages are introduced in Sydney, Australia.
03 – The US spacecraft Ranger VI crashes on the moon but fails to send back any pictures.
06 – British and French governments agree to build a Channel Tunnel, after prolonged consultation by the Channel Tunnel Study Group which was set up in 1957. The tunnel won’t actually open for another 30 years.
07 – The Beatles arrive in New York to begin their first visit to the USA. More than 3,000 screaming teenagers greet them at Kennedy Airport.
09 – The Beatles appear on The Ed Sullivan Show in front of seventy-three million viewers, and Beatlemania grips America.
09 – Jack Brabham wins the Australian Grand Prix for the third time.
10 – In Australia, the 20,000-ton aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne collides with HMAS Voyager off Jervis Bay, NSW, while on night exercises, slicing the destroyer in half, resulting in 82 deaths. Two subsequent Royal Commissions clear the Melbourne and her captain, R.J. Robertson. The Melbourne will cause another accident in similar circumstances when it slices American destroyer USS Frank E. Evans in half in the South China Sea in June 1969. 74 American personnel die.
12 – Fighting erupts in independent Cyprus between ethnic Greeks and Turks. 21 people are killed during the fighting in the port town of Limassol.
14 – President Makarios of Cyprus rejects an Anglo-UN offer of help to keep peace between the island’s Greek and Turkish communities.
18 – Sonny & Cher make their first recording together – a reworking of Don & Dewey’s hit The Letter. It’s released as Caesar & Cleo on Vault Records in the US.
19 – 1,500 British troops are flown to Cyprus.
19 – Actor Peter Sellers marries actress Britt Ekland.
20 – The band formerly known as The Detours play their first gig under their new name, The Who, at the Oldfield Hotel, Greenford, West London.
25 – Boxer Cassius Clay becomes heavyweight champion of the world, defeating the legendary Sonny Liston. The result is so shocking that Florida state attorney Richard Gerstein launches a match-fixing inquiry. Clay is also fined for disgraceful conduct during the weigh-in before the match, so rumours swirl that the WBA will strip him of the title. However, no evidence of match-fixing is found, and Clay is allowed to keep the title, which he retains after a rematch with Liston a year later, where he knocks him down in the first round.
27 – Cilla Black tops the UK charts with the Burt Bacharach-Hal David composition, Anyone Who Had A Heart.
29 – 84 die when a British plane crashes in the Italian Alps.
29 – The Queen’s cousin, Princess Alexandra, gives birth to a son – James Robert Bruce – at her home in Surrey.
March
01 – The Trabant 601 is presented to the East German public and put into serial production. By 1988, nearly 2 million “Trabis” have been registered. It becomes an icon for the GDR as a whole.
02 – An institute for Scientific Atheism is established in Moscow with the aim of eliminating religious prejudice in the Soviet Union.
02 – The Beatles begin filming their first feature film – A Hard Day’s Night.
06 – King Paul I of the Hellenes dies and is succeeded by Constantine II.
08 – Malcolm X announces he is splitting from the Black Muslim movement led by Elijah Muhammad to form the Black Nationalist Party, stating: “There can be no revolution without bloodshed, and it is nonsense to describe the civil rights movement as a revolution”.
10 – A US reconnaissance plane is downed after accidentally crossing into East German airspace. The plane’s three pilots are eventually released.
10 – Aspiring folk duo Simon & Garfunkel record Paul Simon’s song The Sound of Silence for Columbia Records in New York City. It will eventually become their first US #1 – almost three years later.
10 – Singer Neneh Cherry is born.
10 – Queen Elizabeth II gives birth to her fourth child, Prince Edward.
12 – Jimmy Hoffa, the president of the powerful American Teamsters union, is convicted of bribery and jury-fixing and sentenced to eight years in jail.
13 – 28-year-old bartender Kitty Genovese is raped and stabbed to death outside her apartment building in the Kew Gardens neighbourhood of the Queens borough of New York City. The New York Times subsequently publishes an article claiming that thirty-seven witnesses saw or heard the attack, but none of them called the police or came to her aid. The incident prompts inquiries into what becomes known as “the bystander effect”, or “Genovese syndrome,” and the murder becomes a staple of US psychology textbooks for the next four decades. 29-year-old Winston Moseley is convicted and serves 52 years before his death in prison in 2015.
14 – Jack Ruby, the killer of Lee Harvey Oswald (the man accused of assassinating JFK), is found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. In an appeal to the Texas Supreme Court, Ruby’s lawyers argue that he could not have received a fair trial in Dallas due to the excessive publicity. The court rules that his motion for a change of venue before the original trial court should have been granted, and so Ruby’s conviction and death sentence are overturned. While awaiting a new trial, Ruby dies of a pulmonary embolism in hospital on 3 January 1967.
15 – Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton are married in Montreal.
17 – US actor Rob Lowe is born in Virginia.
19 – The 3.5-mile-long Great St Bernard Tunnel is opened between Martigny (Switzerland) and Aosta (Italy).
21 – Team Spirit wins the Grand National at Aintree at fifth attempt.
23 – John Lennon‘s first book of poetry, In His Own Write, is published in the UK.
23 – Veteran actor Peter Lorre dies in Hollywood.
27 – A 7,000-strong UN peacekeeping force takes over in Cyprus.
27 – The largest earthquake in recorded North American history hits Alaska on Good Friday. 600 miles of fault rupture simultaneously, releasing 200,000 megatons of energy. The 9.2-magnitude quake and resulting tsunamis cause around 130 deaths.
27 – Six months after the Great Train Robbery in Britain, and with 20 members of the notorious gang still at large, a court records the first conviction as a result of the hold-up. Ten men are found guilty of the plot to steal mailbags worth more than £2.6 million. Nine other defendants are facing trial.
28 – Radio Caroline, Britain’s first pirate radio station, begins broadcasting illegally from a ship in the North Sea.
28 – Madame Tussauds announces that The Beatles are to become the first pop act to be cast in wax for the museum.
29 – Mods and Rockers fight a battle on the beaches of Clacton, Essex (UK), followed a few weeks later by battles in Brighton, Margate and Southend.
30 – US entertainer Tracy Chapman is born.
31 – In Britain, the Admiralty is abolished and becomes part of the Ministry of Defence.
April
01 – François Duvalier officially makes himself President of Haiti for life.
05 – General Douglas MacArthur dies.
06 – Soviet premier Khrushchev denounces the Chinese view on how the world could survive atomic war, saying “Only a child or an idiot would not fear war”.
12 – Arnold Palmer wins his fourth US Masters golf title.
13 – Ian Smith is elected PM of Southern Rhodesia.
15 – Ronald Biggs is found guilty of taking part in the Great Train Robbery.
16 – 12 members of the Great Train Robbers gang are sentenced to a total of 307 years in jail,
17 – Ford launches the Mustang ‘pony car’ aimed squarely at the hip young consumer. After a short but intensive TV advertising campaign, Ford sells 22,000 Mustangs on the first day. Over 400,000 are on the road within a year.
20 – BBC2 is launched in the UK with a short news bulletin. The first full programme is Play School, which is actually broadcast the following day on 21 April as a result of widespread power failure in Central London.
22 – 1964/1965 New York World’s Fair opens at Flushing Meadows Park in Queens, New York.
24 – Folk singer Joan Baez refuses to pay 60% of her income tax as a protest against US expenditure on the military.
24 – Egyptian leader Colonel Nasser vows to expel the UK from all parts of the Arab world.
25 – Andy Bell of UK group Erasure is born.
25 – The head of the ‘little mermaid’ statue in Copenhagen Harbour is sawn off and stolen.
27 – Zanzibar merges with Tanganyika to form the Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar (renamed Tanzania on Oct 29).
29 – 136 cases of typhoid are reported in Aberdeen, Scotland. The city’s schools are closed.
May
02 – Death of Britain’s first woman MP, Nancy Astor. On seeing the number of family and friends gathered around her deathbed, the American-born viscountess inquires, “Is it my birthday, or am I dying?”
02 – West Ham beat Preston North End 3-2 to win the FA Cup Final.
02 – The last tram runs in New Zealand.
03 – Extra British troops are flown to Aden after reports of the decapitation of two British soldiers by Yemeni rebels.
10 – Bob Dylan arrives in London to begin a UK concert tour.
11 – Designer Terence Conran opens the first Habitat store in London. The Fulham Road store becomes famous for its modern aesthetic featuring whitewashed brick walls and spotlights. The brand grows quickly and is soon found across the country.
14 – President Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, President Arif of Iraq and President Sallal of Yemen ceremoniously blow up a huge sand barrage and divert the ancient River Nile into a canal, allowing the next stage of the building of the Aswan High Dam to begin
18 – Several teenagers are arrested after fierce clashes on Brighton seafront between police and Mods and Rockers.
18 – A 17-year-old Mod who rode his new scooter to Brighton with more than 30 other youths, falls to his death from the 100ft high cliffs at Saltdean. He had been sleeping out with friends on the cliff top.
19 – 40 microphones are discovered hidden in the walls of the US Embassy in Moscow.
23 – The first issue of the Los Angeles Free Press sparks a spate of ‘underground’ newspapers.
24 – 135 die in a riot at a football match in Peru.
26 – Entertainer Lenny Kravitz is born.
27 – India’s PM and statesman since 1947, Jawaharlal ‘Pandit’ Nehru dies at the age of 74. It is believed he suffered a heart attack, and although specialists fought to save him for much of the day, he passed away early in the afternoon with his daughter, Indira Gandhi, by his side.
29 – A new building opens at the Bull Ring in Birmingham (UK). Alongside traditional outdoor market stalls, a large indoor shopping centre is developed, the first of its kind in Britain.
30 – Armies of Mods and Rockers clash on British holiday resort beaches – a fad which continues on and off all year. The press exposes “the drug menace” that has instigated this behaviour.
June
02 – The Palestine Liberation Organisation is formed in Jerusalem.
03 – President Johnson claims that US military strength is greater than “the combined might of all nations in the history of the world”.
03 – Martial Law is declared in Seoul, Korea, after riots by 20,000.
03 – The Beatles start a world tour without Ringo, who is ill with tonsillitis. Jimmy Nicol deputies on drums.
03 – The Rolling Stones make their US television debut on The Hollywood Palace. Host Dean Martin says, “there’s a story that all the groups today have long hair but that’s not true – they just have low foreheads and long eyebrows.”
07 – Boogie Woogie pioneer Meade Lux Lewis dies in a car crash, aged 59.
08 – Christine Keeler is released from prison.
11 – Martin Luther King is jailed for trying to force integration of a Florida restaurant.
12 – Macquarie University is founded at North Ryde in Sydney, Australia.
12 – The Zombies‘ first recording session takes place at Decca’s West Hampstead studios.
13 – Beatlemania hits Australia as Fab Four tour down-under.
13 – Alfred Hitchcock cancels an appearance on Juke Box Jury. Zsa Zsa Gabor takes his place.
14 – Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life imprisonment for treason, sabotage, violent conspiracy and plotting to overthrow the South African government.
14 – Ken Kesey, author of One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, begins a trip from California to New York with his ‘Merry Pranksters’ aboard a 1939 International Harvester bus named “Furthur”. Painted in psychedelic colours and driven by Beat era icon Neal Cassady, the bus will make its way across the US with bands playing on top of the vehicle and most of those involved dropping acid and smoking marijuana in a prodigious fashion. The trip will later be immortalised in Tom Wolfe’s book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test.
15 – While The Beatles are still asleep in their Melbourne hotel, drummer Jimmie Nicol is driven to the city’s airport, given £500 and a gold watch for his two weeks’ work as a stand-in for Ringo and flies back to Britain and obscurity.
17 – The film Viva Las Vegas starring Elvis Presley opens in the US. By 1969 it will be his highest ever grosser.
17 – The first purpose-built floating trade fair docks at Tilbury in London with 22,000 samples of Japanese goods on board. The Sakura Maru will continue on a tour of Europe, which is costing the Japanese Government and exhibitors £400,000.
19 – In America, Carol Doda makes entertainment history by dancing topless (at San Francisco’s Condor Club).
19 – Future British Prime Minister and Mayor of London Boris Johnson is born on the Upper East Side in New York.
22 – Yachtsman Francis Chichester sets a new record by crossing the Atlantic in under 30 days.
23 – Three civil rights workers are reported missing after being arrested by Mississippi police.
26 – Moise Tshombe, leader of the Katangan province, is recalled from exile to join the Congolese government.
July
02 – LBJ signs a sweeping Civil Rights Bill creating equal rights in voting, education, public accommodations, union membership and in federally assisted programmes – regardless of race, colour, religion or national origin. Meanwhile, Georgia’s governor Lester Maddox urges the use of axe handles against blacks entering restaurants.
06 – The Beatles‘ debut film, A Hard Day’s Night, premieres at the London Pavilion cinema in Piccadilly Circus. Thousands of fans cause traffic chaos in the West End.
06 – Nyasaland, renamed as Malawi, becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.
14 – Jacques Anquetil of France wins his fourth consecutive Tour de France.
15 – In Australia, Rupert Murdoch’s News Limited launches The Australian, the first national daily newspaper.
17 – Donald Campbell’s Bluebird sets a new world speed record of over 400 mph at Lake Eyre salt flats in the US.
18 – The shooting of James Powell by a policeman sparks black riots in Harlem, Brooklyn, New Jersey, Rochester, Dixmoor and Philadelphia. The riots punctuate the “long hot summer” between 18 July and the end of August.
28 – NASA launches Ranger 7 to reach the moon and take photographs.
31 – Ranger 7 sends back the first detailed photographs of the Moon.
31 – Entertainer Jim Reeves is killed in an air crash a few miles from Nashville.
August
01 – Rockabilly star Johnny Burnette drowns in a boating accident in California.
02 – US Navy ships are attacked off the Vietnam coast by North Vietnamese patrol boats. The attack (later revealed to have been provoked by the US Navy) caused Congress to pass the Tonkin Bay Resolution, enabling President Johnson to take extensive military action in Southeast Asia.
04 – Three young Civil Rights workers – Michael Schwerner, 24; Andrew Goodman, 20; and James Chaney, 22 – who have been missing since 21 June, are discovered murdered and buried in a partially constructed dam on a farm outside Philadelphia, Mississippi. It emerges that the three men had been arrested by Deputy Sheriff Cecil Price on 21 June, then released from Neshoba jail in the middle of the night and attacked and killed by the KKK as they drove out of town. Deputy Sheriff Price received six years in jail while Ku Klux Klan leader Sam Bowers and KKK member Wayne Roberts were sentenced to 10 years each. A film based on the FBI investigation was made in 1988 called Mississippi Burning.
07 – LBJ commits large forces to US intervention in Vietnam.
08 – Turkish planes drop bombs and napalm on Greek Cypriot strongholds in northwest Cyprus.
12 – Ian Lancaster Fleming, the creator of British agent James Bond (007) and scoundrels such as Dr No, Goldfinger and numerous unpleasant Russians, dies of a heart attack at the age of 56.
12 – Great Train Robber Charlie Wilson escapes from jail.
16 – Barry Watson, a printer from Bingley, swims the English Channel from France to England in the fastest ever recorded time (9 hours and 35 minutes).
19 – NASA launches Syncom 3 communications satellite which relays the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games from Tokyo.
21 – The film Mary Poppins is first seen by an invited audience in Hollywood.
24 – The first Catholic Mass is said in English rather than Latin.
26 – Lyndon Johnson nominated for re-election by the Democrats.
September
02 – Indonesian forces land in Malaya.
02 – Actor Keanu Reeves is born.
03 – Robert Kennedy resigns as Attorney-General to run for the Senate.
03 – A state of emergency is declared in Malaysia.
04 – The Queen officially opens Europe’s longest suspension bridge linking Edinburgh to Perth across the River Forth. Tens of thousands of spectators turn up to watch the royal cavalcade slowly cross the 3,300ft (1,005m) central span of the Forth Road Bridge. The bridge replaces a centuries-old ferry service carrying 1.5 million passengers a year.
04 – Indonesia’s minister of culture bans “Beatle hairstyles”.
09 – 71-year-old American sailor William Willis arrives near Tully Heads, Queensland, Australia, having sailed 10,000 miles from South America single-handing a 34-foot (10.4m) raft named Age Unlimited. He left Callao in Peru on 5 July 1963.
15 – Khrushchev claims the USSR has weapons that could annihilate all life on earth.
15 – The Sun newspaper is published for the first time in Britain. It is replacing the Mirror Group’s Daily Herald, which has been losing readers and advertising revenue for several years.
19 – In Melbourne (Australia), Ron Barassi leads Melbourne (8.16) to a four-point win over Collingwood (8.12) in the VFL Grand Final.
20 – Bill Haley and the Comets open a tour of Britain, hoping to revive interest in their brand of rock’n’roll.
21 – Malta becomes an independent state within the British Commonwealth.
22 – Goldfinger premieres in Leicester Square, London.
23 – Richard Walsh, Richard Neville and Martin Sharp are sentenced to prison after a Sydney magistrate rules OZ magazine to be obscene.
24 – Herman’s Hermits reach the UK #1 spot with I’m Into Something Good.
27 – The Warren Commission releases its report on the Kennedy assassination. The report concludes that there was no conspiracy, either domestic or international, to assassinate the president and that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. Over 50 books are published about the assassination by the end of the year, many of them disputing the Commission’s findings.
28 – Harpo, the silent Marx Brother, dies in Hollywood, California, after a heart operation. He is 70.
30 – In Munich, Himmler’s aide Karl Wolff is convicted of aiding the murder of 300,000 Jews.
October
02 – Two people are charged with the murder of three civil rights workers in Mississippi, USA.
02 – Sydney’s Gladesville Bridge opens. It is the world’s largest single concrete arch, with a 1,000-foot span.
02 – Little Richard is booked to appear at Queens Hall, Leeds, but cancels at the last moment. The Pretty Things replace him but get pelted with orange peel and coins.
05 – 57 people escape from East Berlin by crawling through a tunnel under the Berlin Wall.
06 – The first episode of Stingray airs on British television.
07 – The Beatles perform Kansas City, I’m a Loser, and This Boy on the US TV show Shindig!
09 – The Rolling Stones cancel a Christmas tour of South Africa following talks with the Musicians’ Union, which is opposed to apartheid.
10 – XVIIIth Olympic Games open in Tokyo.
12 – Three Soviet cosmonauts – Colonel Vladimir Komarov, Dr Konstantin Feoktistov and Dr Boris Yegorov – are launched in Voskhod 1 and make 16 revolutions of the Earth in 24 hours 17 minutes and 3 seconds. This is the first three-man crew sent into space.
12 – Senior Conservative minister, Quintin Hogg – the Lord President of the Council and Secretary for Education and Science – steals the show at the Conservative news conference by branding all Labour voters “bonkers”.
14 – Martin Luther King receives the Nobel Peace Prize.
14 – Charlie Watts of The Rolling Stones marries Shirley Shepherd in Bradford, Yorkshire.
15 – Nikita Khrushchev is ousted in a Kremlin coup. He is succeeded as Communist Party leader by Leonid Brezhnev, and as Prime Minister by Alexei Kosygin.
15 – Composer and lyricist Cole Porter dies in Los Angeles.
15 – Screaming Lord Sutch stands for Parliament for the first time, in John Profumo‘s former seat at Stratford-Upon-Avon.
16 – Harold Wilson is the new British Prime Minister. Labour’s general election victory is by a whisker – Labour 317 seats, Tories 303, Liberals 9, the Speaker 1.
20 – Former US President Herbert Hoover dies, aged 90, in his Waldorf Towers apartment in New York City following massive internal bleeding.
22 – Sandie Shaw has her first UK #1 with (There’s) Always Something There To Remind Me.
24 – Northern Rhodesia becomes independent as Zambia with Kenneth Kaunda as president. It is the ninth African state to gain independence from the British crown.
24 – 17-year-old Sandie Shaw tops the UK chart with Always Something There To Remind Me.
24 – The Rolling Stones appear on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time. Portions of the audience go nuts but Sullivan receives so many complaints that he promises never to have the band back. They appear on the show five more times.
25 – British PM Harold Wilson warns Southern Rhodesian that a unilateral declaration of independence would lead to economic sanctions.
31 – Ray Charles is arrested at a Boston airport and charged with possession of marijuana and heroin.
31 – The Windmill Theatre, a London institution as unchanging as saucy seaside postcards, finally puts up the shutters.
November
02 – King Saud of Saudi Arabia is deposed, and his brother Prince Faisal becomes king.
03 – LBJ wins the US election by an overwhelming majority and sends hard-line Republican Senator Barry Goldwater packing.
03 – Polo Prince wins the Melbourne Cup.
09 – Prime Minister Menzies reintroduces conscription in Australia.
13 – The Rolling Stones release Little Red Rooster. It becomes their second #1 of the year.
21 – The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge over New York Harbour officially opens. It becomes the world’s longest suspension bridge.
27 – Life magazine’s cover story on Vietnam reports that the crisis is worsening.
28 – NASA launches Mariner 4 to explore Mars.
December
11 – Soul singer Sam Cooke is shot and killed at a Los Angeles motel, The Hacienda, by its manageress, Bertha Franklin, who claimed Cooke had tried to rape a young woman. The coroner returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.
11 – Che Guevara speaks at the United Nations General Assembly in New York. During his controversial visit, there are two attempts on his life – a woman with a knife and two men who fire at the UN building. After the incidents, Guevara is quoted as saying, “It is better to be killed by a woman with a knife than a man with a gun”.
11 – Kenya becomes a republic within the Commonwealth, with Jomo Kenyatta its first President.
15 – The Maple Leaf is adopted as the official national flag of Canada.
16 – La Trobe University established in Australia.
20 – Rebels in the Congo massacre 15 British missionaries.
21 – Capital punishment ends in Britain.
23 – British Rail chief Dr Beeching is sacked. Following the publication of his report The Reshaping of British Railways in 1963, more than 8,000 miles (12,875 km) of track and 2,000 stations across Britain were closed at a cost of nearly 70,000 jobs.
31 – Donald Campbell’s jet-powered speedboat Bluebird sets a new world water speed record of 276.3 mph at Lake Dumbleyung in Western Australia.
Also this year . . .
- XVIII Olympic Games in Tokyo
- IX Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria
- Russian scientists bounce a signal off Jupiter
- The UK Government announces plans for three new towns, including what is to become Milton Keynes, to stop London choking with people
- Fashion designer Mary Quant and hairdresser Vidal Sassoon set up shop in London
- Kiriaki Corinna Tsopei (Greece) is crowned Miss Universe
- GI Joe goes on sale in USA
- French writer and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre refuses the Nobel Prize for Literature
- Mary Whitehouse establishes the Clean Up TV campaign, later the National Viewers and Listeners Association (NVLA) and now Mediawatch-UK